ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona mākeke villa kila māmā

Ma muli o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻike kaiapuni a me ka hemahema o ka lāʻau a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe, nui nā ʻāina e like me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, Iapana, United Kingdom, Australia, etc.

Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Australia i ka makahiki 1960 i ka manaʻo o ka "hoʻokomo wikiwiki ʻana i nā hale prefabricated", akā no ka mea ʻaʻole i oʻo ka mākeke ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia. Ma ka makahiki 1987, ua puka mai na hale kila kila ki'eki'e, a ua ho'opuka 'ia ke code hui 'o Australia-New Zealand AS/NZS4600 i ka makahiki 1996. He ki'eki'e ke 'ano o kēia 'ano kila, ke ho'ohālikelike 'ia me ka 'ano like. lāʻau, 1/3 wale nō o ke kaumaha o ka lāʻau, ua galvanized ka ʻili, a hiki i ka lōʻihi ke hiki i 75 mau makahiki me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoponopono nui..

Wahi a nā moʻolelo, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o nā hale kila kila ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo 1965 mau hale kila kila ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa he 15% wale nō o ka mākeke hana; I ka makahiki 1990, ua piʻi aʻe i ka 53 pakeneka, i ka makahiki 1993 i ka 68 pakeneka, a i ka makahiki 2000 i ka 75 pakeneka. ʻO ka standardization a me ka serialization o nā ʻāpana noho a me nā ʻāpana, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka specialization, commercialization a me ka socialization he kiʻekiʻe loa, kokoke i 100%, a me ka hoʻolimalima ʻana o nā mīkini hana like ʻole, nā mea hana a me nā mea hana i hoʻomohala nui ʻia, a ʻo ke degere kūʻai aku he 40%.

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ke ulu wikiwiki nei nā hale ʻōnaehana keel māmā me nā mea āpau e hoʻohana ana i ke kila anuanu ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e like me ke ʻano hana kūkulu ʻana, a lilo i mea kūʻai kūikawā hiki ke kauoha ʻia, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā villas. nā hale noho, nā wahi nani, nā hui keʻena, nā kula, nā halemai, nā hale kalepa a pēlā aku. Ma Australia, ma kahi o $600 miliona o nā hale kaʻawale kila kila i kūkulu ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki he 120,000, e helu ana no kahi o 24% o ka waiwai o nā ʻoihana kūkulu hale a pau ma Australia; Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua piʻi ka nui o nā hale i kūkulu ʻia me ka ʻōnaehana mai 55,000 ma waena o 1990s a 325,000 i 2000. I kēia manawa, ua lilo kēia hale kila māmā i ke ʻano nui o ka hale kūkulu hale ma nā ʻāina kūkulu.

Aia nā kumu nui i ulu wikiwiki ai ka ʻōnaehana villa kila māmā, me nā hale a me nā hale papa hoʻokahi a me nā hale he nui: Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano hale kūkulu kila ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hale hoʻohui kila māmā. ʻO ka hale keel kila māmā i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke anuanu, he mau pono kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa:

(1) ʻO ka villa kila māmā ke kaumaha, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka hana seismic maikaʻi, ka palekana kiʻekiʻe. He māmā ke kaumaha o ka hale, ua like wale nō me ka hapalua o ka hale paʻa.

(2) ʻO nā ʻōnaehana keel māmā māmā e hana a me ka mīkini, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kālepa, maʻalahi e hoʻokō i ka ʻoihana, hiki i ka ʻoihana ke hoʻopau i ka manawa hana.

(3) He liʻiliʻi ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana, a hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka wahi hale kūpono ma kahi o 8% i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hale paʻa. Hoʻohana ka hale i ka hoʻolālā kila, hiki ke kūkulu i kahi ʻano hale waiwai a me ka waihoʻoluʻu, hiʻohiʻona nani, a hoʻokō i nā koi pilikino o ka hale.

(4) Hiki ke kanu ʻia nā paipu wai o loko a me ka uila i loko o ka pā, ka hoʻonohonoho maʻalahi, maʻalahi ke hoʻololi. He kūpono ia no ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu o nā pā pā, nā papa papahele a me nā panela o ka hale me ka ʻepekema kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻenehana, a maikaʻi ka hopena mālama ola.

(5) He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka walaʻau ʻana o ka hale kila kila, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kūkulu ʻana, ʻo nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia he mea hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia, kūpono i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, e like me nā koi o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ka hoʻomohala hoʻomau, pili i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo- hale hoalohaloha.

(6) Mālamalama i ka ikehu a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻano hui like ʻole, ʻo ka nui o ka ikehu o ka hale kila māmā he 30%, hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o carbon dioxide e 67%.

E like me nā hopena o ka noi kūpono, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kumukūʻai o ka ʻōnaehana villa kila māmā a i ʻole like me ka ʻōnaehana paʻa i hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka ʻōlaʻi a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻāina palupalu, a he ikaika kona hoʻokūkū. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka hoʻohana lōʻihi, ke ʻano hoʻomohala a me nā koi palekana kaiapuni, maikaʻi nā manaʻo hoʻomohala hale villa māmā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mākeke, e lilo i ka "kūʻai kūʻai" hou i ka mākeke hale. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā hale kila māmā i nā villas, nā hoʻomaha mākaʻikaʻi, nā hale hoʻomoana, nā hale nani, nā hale kelepona, ka hana hou ʻana ma hope o ka pōʻino, nā keʻena, nā hui, nā keʻena kūʻai aku, nā hale hoʻohālike, nā kula a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā wahi kuaʻāina hou i ke kūlanakauhale.